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Palvelinten hallinta - Harjoitus 4 |
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============== |
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*Disclaimer:* |
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-------------- |
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Tämä harjoitus on tehty osana Haaga-Helian Tietojenkäsittelyn koulutusohjelman kurssia [Palvelinten hallinta (ICT4TN022, kevät 2018)](http://www.haaga-helia.fi/fi/opinto-opas/opintojaksokuvaukset/ICT4TN022). Kurssin pitäjänä toimii [Tero Karvinen](http://terokarvinen.com/), joka on määritellyt tämän harjoituksen tehtävänkuvaukset. Tehtävien vastaukset ovat Pekka Heleniuksen (allekirjoittanut) tuottamia. |
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*SISÄLLYSLUETTELO* |
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-------------- |
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Harjoituksen esivaatimuksena on käyttää useampaa Minion-konetta Salt:lla. Useamman Salt-minionin luomiseen on monta eri tapaa, kuten |
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- 1) luodaan jokaiselle minionille oma virtuaalikoneensa (Oracle VirtualBox, VMWare, Vagrant...), jotka kykenevät muodostamaan yhteyden Master-koneeseen |
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- 2) luodaan jokaiselle minionille oma konttinsa (docker, systemd-nspawn), jotka kykenevät muodostamaan yhteyden Master-koneeseen |
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- 3) käytetään olemassa olevia virtuaalikoneita, jotka pyörivät esimerkiksi palvelinsaleissa |
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- 4) luodaan joko fyysiselle tai virtuaaliselle tietokoneelle useampi minion-konfiguraatio omine ID:ineen (huonoin!) |
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Toteutetaan vaihtoehto 1) Vagrantilla. |
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Harjoituksen esivaatimus - kahden minion-koneen asentaminen Vagrantilla |
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-------------- |
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Toteutetaan minion-koneet [Vagrant-virtualisoinnilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagrant_(software)). |
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Tässä vaiheessa oletetaan, että koneelta löytyy Salt-master jo valmiina (ks. mm. [harjoitus 1](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Fincer-altego/central-management-of-multiple-servers/master/h1.md)). |
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Asennetaan vagrant |
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``` |
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sudo apt-get -y install vagrant |
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``` |
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Tietokoneelta löytyy ennestään _virtualbox_ asennettuna, mutta se voidaan asentaa myös: |
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``` |
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sudo apt-get -y install virtualbox |
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``` |
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Vagrant käyttää laatikoita (boxes) virtualisoitujen ympäristöjen toteuttamisessa. Käytän harjoituksessa laatikkoa [debian/jessie64](https://app.vagrantup.com/debian/boxes/jessie64). Tässä täytyy olla tarkkana, ettei käytettyjen Salt:ien versiot ja API:t rikkoonnu! Tuotantoympäristössä nämä on tarkistettava ja katsottava huolella! |
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Luodaan kaksi Salt minion -konetta ajamalla seuraava Vagrantfile Master-koneen myöhemmin valittavassa alihakemistossa: |
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[Vagrantfile - Multiple Salt minions](https://github.com/Fincer-altego/central-management-of-multiple-servers/blob/master/scripts/vagrant_salt-minions/Vagrantfile) |
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**HUOM!** Vagrant-ratkaisu ei toimi hyvin jo-virtualisoiduissa työympäristöissä, eli Vagrantia tulisi ajaa "fyysisellä" koneella. |
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Ladataan yllä mainittu Vagrantfile master-koneen alihakemistoon /srv/salt/vagrant_minions: |
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``` |
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sudo mkdir -p /srv/salt/vagrant_minions |
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sudo wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Fincer-altego/central-management-of-multiple-servers/master/scripts/vagrant_salt-minions/Vagrantfile -O /srv/salt/vagrant_minions/Vagrantfile |
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``` |
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Ladatussa Vagrantfile:ssä on jo ennestään määritetty luotavaksi kaksi Salt-minionia: minion_1 ja minion_2 laatikkotemplatella debian/jessie64. |
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**HUOM!** Monet _vagrant_ -komennot on sidottu työhakemistoon. Ennestään luodut virtuaalikoneet tulee ne tuhota siitä hakemistosta käsin, jossa koneet on luotu (ja siis jossa Vagrantfile sijaitsee). Vagrant luo tähän hakemistoon piilohakemiston _.vagrant/machines_, johon koneet on luotu. |
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Annetaan master-koneen normaalille ylläpitäjälle (UID: 1000, GID: 1000 ja kuuluu sudo-ryhmään) omistusoikeus kansioon /srv/salt/vagrant_minions: |
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``` |
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sudo chown 1000:1000 -R /srv/salt/vagrant_minions |
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``` |
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Luodaan tällä käyttäjällä tuohon hakemistoon viittaava symbolinen linkki kys. käyttäjän kotihakemistoon: |
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``` |
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ln -s /srv/salt/vagrant_minions $HOME/vagrant-minions |
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``` |
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**HUOM!** Edellä olevaa ei ole pakko tehdä, ja se on täysin vapaaehtoista. Halusin tehdä sen selkeyden vuoksi. |
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Ajetaan ladattu Vagrantfile: |
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``` |
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cd $HOME/vagrant-minions |
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vagrant up |
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``` |
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Testataan laatikoiden minion_1 ja minion_2 SSH-toimivuus ajamalla: |
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``` |
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vagrant ssh minion_1 |
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vagrant ssh minion_2 |
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``` |
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![vagrant-connection-test](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Fincer-altego/central-management-of-multiple-servers/master/images/vagrant-connection-test.png) |
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Hyväksytään nämä minion-koneet masterilla: |
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``` |
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[23/04/2018 19:24:57 - fincer: vagrant ]$ sudo salt-key -A |
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The following keys are going to be accepted: |
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Unaccepted Keys: |
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minion_1 |
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minion_2 |
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Proceed? [n/Y] y |
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Key for minion minion_1 accepted. |
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Key for minion minion_2 accepted. |
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``` |
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**b)** Tee kahdella orjalla esimerkki, jossa orjat saavat eri muuttujan pilarista. Tarkista ‘pillars.items’, että kummalekin orjalle mene eri tieto. Tee jokin muu kuin tunnilla tehty sshd-esimerkki. |
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-------------- |
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**Vastaus:** |
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Ajetaan root-käyttäjänä (sudo-komento) seuraava shell-skripti master-koneella: |
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[Pekka Helenius - salt_pillar_sample.sh](https://github.com/Fincer-altego/central-management-of-multiple-servers/blob/master/scripts/salt_pillar_sample.sh) |
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Masterilta saatu output: |
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``` |
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[23/04/2018 19:41:45 - fincer: vagrant ]$ sudo sh pillar_sample.sh |
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base: |
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'minion_1': |
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- minion-1 |
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'minion_2': |
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- minion-2 |
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test_variable: 'secret like coffee shop wants to say hello to the world' |
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test_variable: 'hidden miniart: superman vs. hulk figures' |
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This is my pillarfile which has the following content: |
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{{ pillar['test_variable'] }} |
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pillar_file: |
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file.managed: |
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- user: 1000 |
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- group: 1000 |
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- name: /tmp/pillarfile_for_{{ grains['id'] }} |
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- source: salt://files/pillarfile |
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- makedirs: True |
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- template: jinja |
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minion_2: |
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True |
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minion_1: |
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True |
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**Salt -- pillar.items output** |
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minion_2: |
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---------- |
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test_variable: |
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hidden miniart: superman vs. hulk figures |
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minion_1: |
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---------- |
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test_variable: |
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secret like coffee shop wants to say hello to the world |
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**Salt -- state.apply output** |
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minion_1: |
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---------- |
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ID: pillar_file |
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Function: file.managed |
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Name: /tmp/pillarfile_for_minion_1 |
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Result: True |
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Comment: File /tmp/pillarfile_for_minion_1 is in the correct state |
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Started: 16:42:18.786164 |
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Duration: 54.806 ms |
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Changes: |
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Summary for minion_1 |
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------------ |
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Succeeded: 1 |
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Failed: 0 |
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------------ |
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Total states run: 1 |
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Total run time: 54.806 ms |
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minion_2: |
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---------- |
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ID: pillar_file |
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Function: file.managed |
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Name: /tmp/pillarfile_for_minion_2 |
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Result: True |
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Comment: File /tmp/pillarfile_for_minion_2 is in the correct state |
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Started: 16:42:18.886370 |
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Duration: 57.26 ms |
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Changes: |
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Summary for minion_2 |
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------------ |
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Succeeded: 1 |
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Failed: 0 |
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------------ |
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Total states run: 1 |
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Total run time: 57.260 ms |
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**Salt -- get file output with head command** |
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minion_2: |
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This is my pillarfile which has the following content: |
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hidden miniart: superman vs. hulk figures |
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minion_1: |
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This is my pillarfile which has the following content: |
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secret like coffee shop wants to say hello to the world |
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``` |
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**c)** Tee kahdella orjalla esimerkki, jossa toinen orja saa muuttujan pilarista ja toinen käyttää oletusarvoa (pillar.get). Tee jokin muu kuin tunnilla tehty sshd-esimerkki. |
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-------------- |
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**Vastaus:** |
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Asennetaan molemmille orjille Apache HTTP daemon seuraavaa shell-skriptiä käyttäen: |
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[salt_pillar_apache_sample.sh](https://github.com/Fincer-altego/central-management-of-multiple-servers/blob/master/scripts/salt_pillar_apache_sample.sh) |
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Masterilta saatu output: |
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``` |
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[24/04/2018 01:57:10 - fincer: vagrant ]$ sudo sh apache_sample.sh |
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{% if grains['id'] == 'minion_2' %} |
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site_data: '{{ salt['cmd.run']('uname -a') }}' |
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{% endif %} |
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<VirtualHost *:80> |
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ServerName {{ servername }} |
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ServerAlias {{ serveralias }} |
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ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost |
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DocumentRoot {{ ('/var/www/html/' + grains['id'] + '/') }} |
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ErrorLog /error.log |
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CustomLog /access.log combined |
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</VirtualHost> |
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{{ pillar.get('site_data','Nothing interesting here') }} |
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{% set servername = grains['os'].lower() + '.' + grains['id'] + '.com' %} |
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{% set serveralias = 'www.' + grains['os'].lower() + '.' + grains['id'] + '.com' %} |
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apache_install: |
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pkg.installed: |
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- pkgs: |
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- apache2 |
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- curl |
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sample_page_conf: |
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file.managed: |
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- name: /etc/apache2/sites-available/{{ grains['id'] }}.conf |
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- source: salt://apache/samplesite.conf |
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- mode: 0644 |
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- user: root |
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- group: root |
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- template: jinja |
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- context: |
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servername: {{ servername }} |
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serveralias: {{ serveralias }} |
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- require: |
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- pkg: apache_install |
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enable_sample_page: |
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cmd.run: |
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- name: 'a2ensite {{ grains['id'] }}.conf' |
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- require: |
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- file: sample_page_conf |
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sample_page_content: |
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file.managed: |
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- mode: 0644 |
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- user: root |
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- group: root |
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- makedirs: True |
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- template: jinja |
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- name: {{ ('/var/www/html/' + grains['id'] + '/index.html') }} |
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- source: salt://apache/sampleindex.html |
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- require: |
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- cmd: enable_sample_page |
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add_vhost_domain: |
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file.append: |
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- name: /etc/hosts |
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- text: 127.0.0.1 {{ servername }} |
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- require: |
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- file: sample_page_content |
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restart_httpd: |
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service.running: |
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- name: apache2.service |
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- watch: |
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- file: add_vhost_domain |
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- cmd: enable_sample_page |
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test_page: |
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cmd.run: |
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- name: 'curl -s {{ servername }}' |
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- require: |
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- service: restart_httpd |
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**Salt -- pillar.items output** |
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minion_1: |
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---------- |
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test_variable: |
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secret like coffee shop wants to say hello to the world |
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minion_2: |
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---------- |
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site_data: |
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Linux fincer-laptop 4.15.10-1-ARCH #1 SMP PREEMPT Thu Mar 15 12:24:34 UTC 2018 x86_64 GNU/Linux |
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test_variable: |
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hidden miniart: superman vs. hulk figures |
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**Salt -- state.apply output** |
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minion_1: |
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---------- |
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ID: apache_install |
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Function: pkg.installed |
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Result: True |
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Comment: All specified packages are already installed |
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Started: 22:59:25.325084 |
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Duration: 273.26 ms |
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Changes: |
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---------- |
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ID: sample_page_conf |
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Function: file.managed |
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Name: /etc/apache2/sites-available/minion_1.conf |
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Result: True |
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Comment: File /etc/apache2/sites-available/minion_1.conf is in the correct state |
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Started: 22:59:25.599368 |
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Duration: 51.619 ms |
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Changes: |
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---------- |
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ID: enable_sample_page |
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Function: cmd.run |
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Name: a2ensite minion_1.conf |
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Result: True |
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Comment: Command "a2ensite minion_1.conf" run |
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Started: 22:59:25.651513 |
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Duration: 20.174 ms |
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Changes: |
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---------- |
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pid: |
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13401 |
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retcode: |
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0 |
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stderr: |
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stdout: |
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Site minion_1 already enabled |
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---------- |
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ID: sample_page_content |
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Function: file.managed |
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Name: /var/www/html/minion_1/index.html |
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Result: True |
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Comment: File /var/www/html/minion_1/index.html is in the correct state |
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Started: 22:59:25.671991 |
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Duration: 9.937 ms |
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Changes: |
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---------- |
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ID: add_vhost_domain |
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Function: file.append |
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Name: /etc/hosts |
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Result: True |
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Comment: File /etc/hosts is in correct state |
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Started: 22:59:25.682126 |
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Duration: 1.011 ms |
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Changes: |
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---------- |
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ID: restart_httpd |
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Function: service.running |
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Name: apache2.service |
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Result: True |
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Comment: Service restarted |
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Started: 22:59:25.697483 |
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Duration: 2145.224 ms |
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Changes: |
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---------- |
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apache2.service: |
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True |
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---------- |
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ID: test_page |
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Function: cmd.run |
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Name: curl -s ubuntu.minion_1.com |
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Result: True |
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Comment: Command "curl -s ubuntu.minion_1.com" run |
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Started: 22:59:27.842981 |
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Duration: 9.994 ms |
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Changes: |
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---------- |
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pid: |
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13523 |
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retcode: |
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0 |
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stderr: |
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stdout: |
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Nothing interesting here |
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Summary for minion_1 |
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------------ |
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Succeeded: 7 (changed=3) |
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Failed: 0 |
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------------ |
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Total states run: 7 |
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Total run time: 2.511 s |
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minion_2: |
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---------- |
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ID: apache_install |
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Function: pkg.installed |
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Result: True |
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Comment: All specified packages are already installed |
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|
Started: 22:59:25.453349 |
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Duration: 273.908 ms |
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Changes: |
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---------- |
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ID: sample_page_conf |
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Function: file.managed |
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Name: /etc/apache2/sites-available/minion_2.conf |
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Result: True |
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Comment: File /etc/apache2/sites-available/minion_2.conf is in the correct state |
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Started: 22:59:25.728257 |
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Duration: 10.512 ms |
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Changes: |
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---------- |
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ID: enable_sample_page |
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Function: cmd.run |
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Name: a2ensite minion_2.conf |
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Result: True |
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Comment: Command "a2ensite minion_2.conf" run |
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Started: 22:59:25.739209 |
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Duration: 18.428 ms |
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Changes: |
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---------- |
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pid: |
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13160 |
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retcode: |
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0 |
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stderr: |
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stdout: |
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Site minion_2 already enabled |
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---------- |
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ID: sample_page_content |
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Function: file.managed |
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Name: /var/www/html/minion_2/index.html |
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Result: True |
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Comment: File /var/www/html/minion_2/index.html is in the correct state |
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|
Started: 22:59:25.757909 |
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Duration: 8.736 ms |
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Changes: |
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---------- |
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ID: add_vhost_domain |
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Function: file.append |
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Name: /etc/hosts |
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Result: True |
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Comment: File /etc/hosts is in correct state |
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|
Started: 22:59:25.766840 |
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Duration: 0.933 ms |
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Changes: |
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---------- |
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ID: restart_httpd |
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Function: service.running |
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Name: apache2.service |
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Result: True |
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Comment: Service restarted |
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Started: 22:59:25.779507 |
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Duration: 2102.595 ms |
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Changes: |
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---------- |
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apache2.service: |
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True |
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---------- |
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ID: test_page |
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Function: cmd.run |
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Name: curl -s ubuntu.minion_2.com |
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Result: True |
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Comment: Command "curl -s ubuntu.minion_2.com" run |
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|
Started: 22:59:27.882439 |
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Duration: 11.578 ms |
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Changes: |
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|
---------- |
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pid: |
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13282 |
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retcode: |
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0 |
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stderr: |
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stdout: |
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|
Linux fincer-laptop 4.15.10-1-ARCH #1 SMP PREEMPT Thu Mar 15 12:24:34 UTC 2018 x86_64 GNU/Linux |
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Summary for minion_2 |
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------------ |
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Succeeded: 7 (changed=3) |
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Failed: 0 |
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------------ |
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Total states run: 7 |
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Total run time: 2.427 s |
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``` |
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Luotujen HTML-sivustojen sisältö: |
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``` |
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|
[24/04/2018 01:59:28 - fincer: vagrant ]$ sudo salt 'minion_1' cmd.run 'curl -s ubuntu.minion_1.com' |
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|
minion_1: |
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Nothing interesting here |
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|
[24/04/2018 02:00:47 - fincer: vagrant ]$ sudo salt 'minion_2' cmd.run 'curl -s ubuntu.minion_2.com' |
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|
minion_2: |
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Linux fincer-laptop 4.15.10-1-ARCH #1 SMP PREEMPT Thu Mar 15 12:24:34 UTC 2018 x86_64 GNU/Linux |
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``` |