@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ This exercise is a part of [Linux servers (ICT4TN021, spring 2018) // Linux-palv
- [d) **Licenses** Which licenses have been used in the programs of your choice? Explain briefly which kind of rights and duties these licenses have.](https://github.com/Fincer/linux_server_setup/blob/master/exercises/h1.md#d-which-licenses-have-been-used-in-the-programs-of-your-choice-explain-briefly-which-kind-of-rights-and-duties-these-licenses-have)
- [d) **Licenses** Which licenses have been used in the programs of your choice? Explain briefly which kind of rights and duties these licenses have.](https://github.com/Fincer/linux_server_setup/blob/master/exercises/h1.md#d-which-licenses-have-been-used-in-the-programs-of-your-choice-explain-briefly-which-kind-of-rights-and-duties-these-licenses-have)
- [e) **Alternative open source programs** List programs you use (MS Word, for example), purpose of these programs (for example, text editing) and introduce equivalent open source Linux program (for example, LibreOffice Writer). List closed source programs even if they do not have open source equivalent for Linux.](https://github.com/Fincer/linux_server_setup/blob/master/exercises/h1.md#e-list-programs-you-use-ms-word-for-example-purpose-of-these-programs-for-example-text-editing-and-introduce-equivalent-open-source-linux-program-for-example-libreoffice-writer-list-closed-source-programs-even-if-they-do-not-have-open-source-equivalent-for-linux)
- [e) **Alternative open source programs** List programs you use (MS Word, for instance), purpose of these programs (for instance, text editing) and introduce equivalent open source Linux program (for instance, LibreOffice Writer). List closed source programs even if they do not have open source equivalent for Linux.](https://github.com/Fincer/linux_server_setup/blob/master/exercises/h1.md#e-list-programs-you-use-ms-word-for-example-purpose-of-these-programs-for-example-text-editing-and-introduce-equivalent-open-source-linux-program-for-instance-libreoffice-writer-list-closed-source-programs-even-if-they-do-not-have-open-source-equivalent-for-linux)
- [f) **File backups** Optional extra task: backup your files (you can use an external USB storage, for example)](https://github.com/Fincer/linux_server_setup/blob/master/exercises/h1.md#f-optional-extra-task-backup-your-files-you-can-use-an-external-usb-storage-for-example)
- [f) **File backups** Optional extra task: backup your files (you can use an external USB storage, for instance)](https://github.com/Fincer/linux_server_setup/blob/master/exercises/h1.md#f-optional-extra-task-backup-your-files-you-can-use-an-external-usb-storage-for-instance)
- [fstransform - convert existing file system to another format](https://github.com/Fincer/linux_server_setup/blob/master/exercises/h1.md#fstransform---convert-existing-file-system-to-another-format)
- [fstransform - convert existing file system to another format](https://github.com/Fincer/linux_server_setup/blob/master/exercises/h1.md#fstransform---convert-existing-file-system-to-another-format)
@ -57,8 +57,11 @@ Let's take a detailed look for two of these approaches: Rufus on Windows 7 and `
You can use either Windows 7 or 10 (any student/enterprise/server subversion applies here). You can run Windows either in a virtual machine or as physically installed in your mass media storage (SSD/HDD). Whichever method you choose to run Windows, it doesn't really matter. The most important part is that you have a working operating system.
You can use either Windows 7 or 10 (any student/enterprise/server subversion applies here). You can run Windows either in a virtual machine or as physically installed in your mass media storage (SSD/HDD). Whichever method you choose to run Windows, it doesn't really matter. The most important part is that you have a working operating system.
**1.** Launch Microsoft Windows
**1.** Launch Microsoft Windows
**2.** Download Rufus application from [here](https://rufus.akeo.ie/), under the title "Download"
**2.** Download Rufus application from [here](https://rufus.akeo.ie/), under the title "Download"
**3.** You can use either portable or installable version of Rufus. In the following example, we use portable version v. 2.18.
**3.** You can use either portable or installable version of Rufus. In the following example, we use portable version v. 2.18.
**4.** Download any Linux distribution you prefer. In further parts, Debian-based Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS is used.
**4.** Download any Linux distribution you prefer. In further parts, Debian-based Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS is used.
What comes to alternative download methods, you can choose either ISO image file (downloaded directly from servers) or distributed torrent method. Torrent method usually requires a client application (such as [Transmission](https://transmissionbt.com/download/)) to work correctly.
What comes to alternative download methods, you can choose either ISO image file (downloaded directly from servers) or distributed torrent method. Torrent method usually requires a client application (such as [Transmission](https://transmissionbt.com/download/)) to work correctly.
**2.** Plug in an empty and large enough USB stick into your computer (4GiB should be sufficient). It is highly recommended that you have formatted the stick in advance but you can format the stick with `fdisk` command, as well ([util-linux](https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/)).
**2.** Plug in an empty and large enough USB stick into your computer (4GiB should be sufficient). It is highly recommended that you have formatted the stick in advance but you can format the stick with `fdisk` command, as well ([util-linux](https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/)).
When using fdisk, please follow [these instructions](https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-how-to-delete-a-partition-with-fdisk-command/), for example. In case you have important files to be copied from your USB stick, copy the files with the following command sequence. We assume that the stick is not yet mounted on the system. Command sequence is expected to be executed with the default user (`UID` = 1000) which belongs to the default user group (`GID` = 1000).
When using fdisk, please follow [these instructions](https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-how-to-delete-a-partition-with-fdisk-command/), for instance. In case you have important files to be copied from your USB stick, copy the files with the following command sequence. We assume that the stick is not yet mounted on the system. Command sequence is expected to be executed with the default user (`UID` = 1000) which belongs to the default user group (`GID` = 1000).
Correct USB stick device name and partition number (`/dev/XdYZ`) must be find out in advance by executing command `sudo fdisk -l`.
Correct USB stick device name and partition number (`/dev/XdYZ`) must be find out in advance by executing command `sudo fdisk -l`.
where `/dev/sdb` is your USB stick as seen on Linux system. **Use correct, your exact device identifier instead of the one shown above**.
where `/dev/sdb` is your USB stick as seen on Linux system. **Use correct, your exact device identifier instead of the one shown above**.
If you want more instructions how to use the `dd` command, it is recommended to read the following wiki, for example: [Wikipedia - dd (Unix)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dd_(Unix))
If you want more instructions how to use the `dd` command, it is recommended to read the following wiki, for instance: [Wikipedia - dd (Unix)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dd_(Unix))
**5.** Wait until the ISO image file has been written into the USB stick. Once done, reboot your computer with the USB stick attached. Immediately the computer has rebooted, press a button which you can access your BIOS/UEFI/Boot options menu with. Choose the Xubuntu 16.04.3 LTS USB stick (which should appear in the boot list). Start the operating system boot-up process bt selecting **Try without installing** option (this step varies between Linux distribution. More generally, you can also choose **Install 'whateverdistro'** option and select installation on the live USB Linux desktop environment). Wait until the operating system has been booted up. Start installation and follow the instructions.
**5.** Wait until the ISO image file has been written into the USB stick. Once done, reboot your computer with the USB stick attached. Immediately the computer has rebooted, press a button which you can access your BIOS/UEFI/Boot options menu with. Choose the Xubuntu 16.04.3 LTS USB stick (which should appear in the boot list). Start the operating system boot-up process bt selecting **Try without installing** option (this step varies between Linux distribution. More generally, you can also choose **Install 'whateverdistro'** option and select installation on the live USB Linux desktop environment). Wait until the operating system has been booted up. Start installation and follow the instructions.
@ -210,7 +213,7 @@ Detailed comments about the listed devices have been included after each termina
| /0/100/1c,bridge 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port #1 | Port which operates at motherboard's North Bridge, making it possible to use PCIe devices, to track their hierarchy and opening up communication channels between them ([source](https://www.techwalla.com/articles/what-is-a-pci-express-root-port)) |
| /0/100/1c,bridge 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port #1 | Port which operates at motherboard's North Bridge, making it possible to use PCIe devices, to track their hierarchy and opening up communication channels between them ([source](https://www.techwalla.com/articles/what-is-a-pci-express-root-port)) |
| /0/100/1c.2bridge 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port #3 | Equal to the previous device |
| /0/100/1c.2bridge 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port #3 | Equal to the previous device |
| /0/100/1c.2/0,wlan0,networkAR9485 Wireless Network Adapter | WLAN network adapter Atheros AR9485. Interface identifier wlan0 which is seen by the OS commands (can be altered via changing Linux kernel boot parameters in grub/syslinux configuration files) |
| /0/100/1c.2/0,wlan0,networkAR9485 Wireless Network Adapter | WLAN network adapter Atheros AR9485. Interface identifier wlan0 which is seen by the OS commands (can be altered via changing Linux kernel boot parameters in grub/syslinux configuration files) |
| /0/100/1c.3bridge 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port #4 /0/100/1c.3/0,eth0networkRTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller | Ethernet controller RealTek 8111/8168/8411. Interface identifier eth0, which can be checked by using `ifconfig` command, for example |
| /0/100/1c.3bridge 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port #4 /0/100/1c.3/0,eth0networkRTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller | Ethernet controller RealTek 8111/8168/8411. Interface identifier eth0, which can be checked by using `ifconfig` command, for instance |
| /0/100/1c.4bridge 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port #5 /0/100/1c.4/0,genericRTS5227 PCI Express Card Reader | RealTek RTS5227 PCIe card reader |
| /0/100/1c.4bridge 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port #5 /0/100/1c.4/0,genericRTS5227 PCI Express Card Reader | RealTek RTS5227 PCIe card reader |
| /0/100/1d,bus8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family USB EHCI #1 | [Enhanced Host Controller Interface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_controller_interface_(USB,_Firewire)) of Intel C220 chipset family number 1 for USB gateways |
| /0/100/1d,bus8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family USB EHCI #1 | [Enhanced Host Controller Interface](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_controller_interface_(USB,_Firewire)) of Intel C220 chipset family number 1 for USB gateways |
| /0/100/1d/1usb2busEHCI Host Controller | Host controller for the above mentioned device |
| /0/100/1d/1usb2busEHCI Host Controller | Host controller for the above mentioned device |
@ -267,7 +270,7 @@ Thunar is a user-friendly and easily understandable [GTK+-based](https://en.wiki
Gedit is a simple GTK+-based text editor, targeted to [GNOME desktop environment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME). Alternative text editors are, for example, [Mousepad](https://github.com/codebrainz/mousepad), [Kate](https://www.kde.org/applications/utilities/kate/), [KWrite](https://www.kde.org/applications/utilities/kwrite/) and [Geany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geany).
Gedit is a simple GTK+-based text editor, targeted to [GNOME desktop environment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME). Alternative text editors are, for instance, [Mousepad](https://github.com/codebrainz/mousepad), [Kate](https://www.kde.org/applications/utilities/kate/), [KWrite](https://www.kde.org/applications/utilities/kwrite/) and [Geany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geany).
#### GParted
#### GParted
@ -381,19 +384,19 @@ Manual pages in any commands are highly supported in multiple Linux distribution
**Main differences between various Linux distributions are:**
**Main differences between various Linux distributions are:**
- version modeling: For example, Arch Linux follows [rolling release model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_release) whereas Ubuntu follows [time based release model](https://wiki.ubuntu.com/TimeBasedReleases)
- version modeling: For instance, Arch Linux follows [rolling release model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_release) whereas Ubuntu follows [time based release model](https://wiki.ubuntu.com/TimeBasedReleases)
- package configurations (configuration files, features available for a program by default)
- package configurations (configuration files, features available for a program by default)
- compilation methods for source codes: For example, Arch Linux uses [makepkg](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/makepkg), Ubuntu uses dpkg-buildpackage
- compilation methods for source codes: For instance, Arch Linux uses [makepkg](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/makepkg), Ubuntu uses dpkg-buildpackage
- package availability in official repositories: For example, some packages available on Arch Linux are not available on Ubuntu
- package availability in official repositories: For instance, some packages available on Arch Linux are not available on Ubuntu
- package versioning syntax: For example, Arch Linux uses version 59.0.1-1 and Ubuntu uses 59.0.1 for a same package
- package versioning syntax: For instance, Arch Linux uses version 59.0.1-1 and Ubuntu uses 59.0.1 for a same package
- package versions: For example, Arch Linux has newer package version in the official repositories than Ubuntu does.
- package versions: For instance, Arch Linux has newer package version in the official repositories than Ubuntu does.
You can read more at [Arch Linux Wiki - Arch compared to other distributions](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/arch_compared_to_other_distributions).
You can read more at [Arch Linux Wiki - Arch compared to other distributions](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/arch_compared_to_other_distributions).
@ -404,7 +407,7 @@ You can read more at [Arch Linux Wiki - Arch compared to other distributions](ht
License information can be retrieved from multiple various sources. Licensing terms have usually been mentioned in source code or documentation, help manual, program website or retriavable from equivalently trusted source.
License information can be retrieved from multiple various sources. Licensing terms have usually been mentioned in source code or documentation, help manual, program website or retriavable from equivalently trusted source.
- Thunar is a part of Xfce project and licensed under GPL ([GNU General Public License](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/licenses.html#GPL)) and LGPL2.1 ([Lesser GNU General Public License](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/licenses.html#LGPL)). Detailed information about the licensing policy can be found on [Arch Linux package repository](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/extra/x86_64/thunar/), for example.
- Thunar is a part of Xfce project and licensed under GPL ([GNU General Public License](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/licenses.html#GPL)) and LGPL2.1 ([Lesser GNU General Public License](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/licenses.html#LGPL)). Detailed information about the licensing policy can be found on [Arch Linux package repository](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/extra/x86_64/thunar/), for instance.
- Gedit is a part of GNOME project and licensed under GPLv2. Licensing terms are mentioned in [Gedit source code](https://git.gnome.org/browse/gedit/tree/COPYING).
- Gedit is a part of GNOME project and licensed under GPLv2. Licensing terms are mentioned in [Gedit source code](https://git.gnome.org/browse/gedit/tree/COPYING).
@ -414,7 +417,7 @@ GPL license is targeted to distribute free sofware under several terms. The lice
[LGPL license](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License) differs from GPL license so that some non-GPL licensed component of a program can be linked to otherwise GPL-licensed program. Therefore, because the program is not fully open source, it can still use LGPL license but not GPL license. LGPL licensed program has less efficient [copyleft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyleft).
[LGPL license](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License) differs from GPL license so that some non-GPL licensed component of a program can be linked to otherwise GPL-licensed program. Therefore, because the program is not fully open source, it can still use LGPL license but not GPL license. LGPL licensed program has less efficient [copyleft](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyleft).
**e)** List programs you use (MS Word, for example), purpose of these programs (for example, text editing) and introduce equivalent open source Linux program (for example, LibreOffice Writer). List closed source programs even if they do not have open source equivalent for Linux.
**e)** List programs you use (MS Word, for instance), purpose of these programs (for instance, text editing) and introduce equivalent open source Linux program (for instance, LibreOffice Writer). List closed source programs even if they do not have open source equivalent for Linux.
--------------
--------------
**Answer:**
**Answer:**
@ -446,10 +449,10 @@ GPL license is targeted to distribute free sofware under several terms. The lice
| Windows Task Manager | KSysGuard, LXTask | Process and system statistics manager | KSysGuard is a part of KDE project. LXTask is a part of LXDE project. Windows Task Manager is a part of Windows OS. |
| Windows Task Manager | KSysGuard, LXTask | Process and system statistics manager | KSysGuard is a part of KDE project. LXTask is a part of LXDE project. Windows Task Manager is a part of Windows OS. |
| Windows Volume Control | Alsamixer, PulseAudio Volume Control | Audio device, level & channel control | Alsamixer is a part of ALSA. PulseAudio Volume Control is an interface to control Pulseaudio on Linux. Windows Volume Control is a part of Windows OS. |
| Windows Volume Control | Alsamixer, PulseAudio Volume Control | Audio device, level & channel control | Alsamixer is a part of ALSA. PulseAudio Volume Control is an interface to control Pulseaudio on Linux. Windows Volume Control is a part of Windows OS. |
**f)** Optional extra task: backup your files (you can use an external USB storage, for example)
**f)** Optional extra task: backup your files (you can use an external USB storage, for instance)
--------------
--------------
**Answer:** Depending on the final goal/purpose, alternative methods can be used. Creating a backup of whole HDD/SSD's is possible with a single `dd` command (hint: use recommended command parameter `status=progress` for large partitions) and with a USB live stick so that this partition/HDD/SSD is not mounted. More sophisticated tools include [Clonezilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonezilla), for example. It is recommended to backup a server with slightly different methods.
**Answer:** Depending on the final goal/purpose, alternative methods can be used. Creating a backup of whole HDD/SSD's is possible with a single `dd` command (hint: use recommended command parameter `status=progress` for large partitions) and with a USB live stick so that this partition/HDD/SSD is not mounted. More sophisticated tools include [Clonezilla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonezilla), for instance. It is recommended to backup a server with slightly different methods.
If the purpose is to copy single files from a location to another location, use `cp` or `rsync` command. [Rsync example](https://www.ostechnix.com/backup-entire-linux-system-using-rsync/).
If the purpose is to copy single files from a location to another location, use `cp` or `rsync` command. [Rsync example](https://www.ostechnix.com/backup-entire-linux-system-using-rsync/).
Pekka Helenius
6 years ago
GitHub