diff --git a/src/usr.sbin/ntpd/log.c b/src/usr.sbin/ntpd/log.c
index 191204ce..4022d0f8 100644
--- a/src/usr.sbin/ntpd/log.c
+++ b/src/usr.sbin/ntpd/log.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$OpenBSD: log.c,v 1.17 2017/03/21 12:06:56 bluhm Exp $	*/
+/*	$OpenBSD: log.c,v 1.18 2019/06/27 15:18:42 otto Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 2003, 2004 Henning Brauer <henning@openbsd.org>
@@ -23,42 +23,22 @@
 #include <syslog.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <time.h>
+#include "log.h"
 
-static int	 debug;
+static int	 dest;
 static int	 verbose;
 const char	*log_procname;
 
-void	log_init(int, int);
-void	log_procinit(const char *);
-void	log_setverbose(int);
-int	log_getverbose(void);
-void	log_warn(const char *, ...)
-	    __attribute__((__format__ (printf, 1, 2)));
-void	log_warnx(const char *, ...)
-	    __attribute__((__format__ (printf, 1, 2)));
-void	log_info(const char *, ...)
-	    __attribute__((__format__ (printf, 1, 2)));
-void	log_debug(const char *, ...)
-	    __attribute__((__format__ (printf, 1, 2)));
-void	logit(int, const char *, ...)
-	    __attribute__((__format__ (printf, 2, 3)));
-void	vlog(int, const char *, va_list)
-	    __attribute__((__format__ (printf, 2, 0)));
-__dead void fatal(const char *, ...)
-	    __attribute__((__format__ (printf, 1, 2)));
-__dead void fatalx(const char *, ...)
-	    __attribute__((__format__ (printf, 1, 2)));
-
 void
-log_init(int n_debug, int facility)
+log_init(int n_dest, int n_verbose, int facility)
 {
 	extern char	*__progname;
 
-	debug = n_debug;
-	verbose = n_debug;
+	dest = n_dest;
+	verbose = n_verbose;
 	log_procinit(__progname);
 
-	if (!debug)
+	if (dest & LOG_TO_SYSLOG)
 		openlog(__progname, LOG_PID | LOG_NDELAY, facility);
 
 	tzset();
@@ -99,7 +79,7 @@ vlog(int pri, const char *fmt, va_list ap)
 	char	*nfmt;
 	int	 saved_errno = errno;
 
-	if (debug) {
+	if (dest & LOG_TO_STDERR) {
 		/* best effort in out of mem situations */
 		if (asprintf(&nfmt, "%s\n", fmt) == -1) {
 			vfprintf(stderr, fmt, ap);
@@ -109,7 +89,8 @@ vlog(int pri, const char *fmt, va_list ap)
 			free(nfmt);
 		}
 		fflush(stderr);
-	} else
+	}
+	if (dest & LOG_TO_SYSLOG)
 		vsyslog(pri, fmt, ap);
 
 	errno = saved_errno;
diff --git a/src/usr.sbin/ntpd/log.h b/src/usr.sbin/ntpd/log.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c3221c37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/usr.sbin/ntpd/log.h
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+/*	$OpenBSD: log.h,v 1.5 2019/06/27 15:18:42 otto Exp $ */
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2003, 2004 Henning Brauer <henning@openbsd.org>
+ *
+ * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
+ * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+ * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+ * WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+ * WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+ * ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+ * OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef LOG_H
+#define LOG_H
+
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+
+#define LOG_TO_STDERR	(1<<0)
+#define LOG_TO_SYSLOG	(1<<1)
+
+void	log_init(int, int, int);
+void	log_procinit(const char *);
+void	log_setverbose(int);
+int	log_getverbose(void);
+void	log_warn(const char *, ...)
+	    __attribute__((__format__ (printf, 1, 2)));
+void	log_warnx(const char *, ...)
+	    __attribute__((__format__ (printf, 1, 2)));
+void	log_info(const char *, ...)
+	    __attribute__((__format__ (printf, 1, 2)));
+void	log_debug(const char *, ...)
+	    __attribute__((__format__ (printf, 1, 2)));
+void	logit(int, const char *, ...)
+	    __attribute__((__format__ (printf, 2, 3)));
+void	vlog(int, const char *, va_list)
+	    __attribute__((__format__ (printf, 2, 0)));
+__dead void fatal(const char *, ...)
+	    __attribute__((__format__ (printf, 1, 2)));
+__dead void fatalx(const char *, ...)
+	    __attribute__((__format__ (printf, 1, 2)));
+
+#endif /* LOG_H */
diff --git a/src/usr.sbin/ntpd/ntp.c b/src/usr.sbin/ntpd/ntp.c
index 90420303..0bea2b0b 100644
--- a/src/usr.sbin/ntpd/ntp.c
+++ b/src/usr.sbin/ntpd/ntp.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$OpenBSD: ntp.c,v 1.156 2019/06/20 07:28:18 otto Exp $ */
+/*	$OpenBSD: ntp.c,v 1.157 2019/06/27 15:18:42 otto Exp $ */
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 2003, 2004 Henning Brauer <henning@openbsd.org>
@@ -95,8 +95,8 @@ ntp_main(struct ntpd_conf *nconf, struct passwd *pw, int argc, char **argv)
 
 	start_child(NTPDNS_PROC_NAME, pipe_dns[1], argc, argv);
 
-	log_init(nconf->debug, LOG_DAEMON);
-	log_setverbose(nconf->verbose);
+	log_init(nconf->debug ? LOG_TO_STDERR : LOG_TO_SYSLOG, nconf->verbose,
+	    LOG_DAEMON);
 	if (!nconf->debug && setsid() == -1)
 		fatal("setsid");
 	log_procinit("ntp");
diff --git a/src/usr.sbin/ntpd/ntp_dns.c b/src/usr.sbin/ntpd/ntp_dns.c
index ca784be4..2e1a9783 100644
--- a/src/usr.sbin/ntpd/ntp_dns.c
+++ b/src/usr.sbin/ntpd/ntp_dns.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$OpenBSD: ntp_dns.c,v 1.23 2019/06/20 07:28:18 otto Exp $ */
+/*	$OpenBSD: ntp_dns.c,v 1.24 2019/06/27 15:18:42 otto Exp $ */
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 2003-2008 Henning Brauer <henning@openbsd.org>
@@ -67,8 +67,8 @@ ntp_dns(struct ntpd_conf *nconf, struct passwd *pw)
 	if (setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, 0, 0) == -1)
 		log_warn("could not set priority");
 
-	log_init(nconf->debug, LOG_DAEMON);
-	log_setverbose(nconf->verbose);
+	log_init(nconf->debug ? LOG_TO_STDERR : LOG_TO_SYSLOG, nconf->verbose,
+	    LOG_DAEMON);
 	if (!nconf->debug && setsid() == -1)
 		fatal("setsid");
 	log_procinit("dns");
diff --git a/src/usr.sbin/ntpd/ntpd.c b/src/usr.sbin/ntpd/ntpd.c
index 8bac94cd..33037db8 100644
--- a/src/usr.sbin/ntpd/ntpd.c
+++ b/src/usr.sbin/ntpd/ntpd.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$OpenBSD: ntpd.c,v 1.122 2019/06/12 05:04:45 otto Exp $ */
+/*	$OpenBSD: ntpd.c,v 1.123 2019/06/27 15:18:42 otto Exp $ */
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 2003, 2004 Henning Brauer <henning@openbsd.org>
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 	struct constraint	*cstr;
 	struct passwd		*pw;
 	void			*newp;
-	int			argc0 = argc;
+	int			argc0 = argc, logdest;
 	char			**argv0 = argv;
 	char			*pname = NULL;
 
@@ -151,13 +151,13 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 	while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "df:nP:sSv")) != -1) {
 		switch (ch) {
 		case 'd':
-			lconf.debug = 2;
+			lconf.debug = 1;
 			break;
 		case 'f':
 			conffile = optarg;
 			break;
 		case 'n':
-			lconf.debug = 2;
+			lconf.debug = 1;
 			lconf.noaction = 1;
 			break;
 		case 'P':
@@ -179,8 +179,11 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 	}
 
 	/* log to stderr until daemonized */
-	log_init(1, LOG_DAEMON);
-	log_setverbose(lconf.verbose);
+	logdest = LOG_TO_STDERR;
+	if (!lconf.debug)
+		logdest |= LOG_TO_SYSLOG;
+
+	log_init(logdest, lconf.verbose, LOG_DAEMON);
 
 	argc -= optind;
 	argv += optind;
@@ -230,9 +233,10 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 	if (setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, 0, -20) == -1)
 		warn("can't set priority");
 	reset_adjtime();
+
+	logdest = lconf.debug ? LOG_TO_STDERR : LOG_TO_SYSLOG;
 	if (!lconf.settime) {
-		log_init(lconf.debug, LOG_DAEMON);
-		log_setverbose(lconf.verbose);
+		log_init(logdest, lconf.verbose, LOG_DAEMON);
 		if (!lconf.debug)
 			if (daemon(1, 0))
 				fatal("daemon");
@@ -313,8 +317,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 		if (nfds == 0 && lconf.settime) {
 			lconf.settime = 0;
 			timeout = INFTIM;
-			log_init(lconf.debug, LOG_DAEMON);
-			log_setverbose(lconf.verbose);
+			log_init(logdest, lconf.verbose, LOG_DAEMON);
 			log_warnx("no reply received in time, skipping initial "
 			    "time setting");
 			if (!lconf.debug)
@@ -413,8 +416,8 @@ dispatch_imsg(struct ntpd_conf *lconf, int argc, char **argv)
 				fatalx("invalid IMSG_SETTIME received");
 			if (!lconf->settime)
 				break;
-			log_init(lconf->debug, LOG_DAEMON);
-			log_setverbose(lconf->verbose);
+			log_init(lconf->debug ? LOG_TO_STDERR : LOG_TO_SYSLOG,
+			    lconf->verbose, LOG_DAEMON);
 			memcpy(&d, imsg.data, sizeof(d));
 			ntpd_settime(d);
 			/* daemonize now */
diff --git a/src/usr.sbin/ntpd/ntpd.h b/src/usr.sbin/ntpd/ntpd.h
index 3b20b24a..bef25b88 100644
--- a/src/usr.sbin/ntpd/ntpd.h
+++ b/src/usr.sbin/ntpd/ntpd.h
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$OpenBSD: ntpd.h,v 1.144 2019/06/20 07:28:18 otto Exp $ */
+/*	$OpenBSD: ntpd.h,v 1.145 2019/06/27 15:18:42 otto Exp $ */
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 2003, 2004 Henning Brauer <henning@openbsd.org>
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include <imsg.h>
 
 #include "ntp.h"
+#include "log.h"
 
 #define MAXIMUM(a, b)	((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))
 
@@ -423,24 +424,3 @@ void			 build_show_peer(struct ctl_show_peer *,
 void			 build_show_sensor(struct ctl_show_sensor *,
 			     struct ntp_sensor *);
 
-/* log.c */
-void	log_init(int, int);
-void	log_procinit(const char *);
-void	log_setverbose(int);
-int	log_getverbose(void);
-void	log_warn(const char *, ...)
-	    __attribute__((__format__ (printf, 1, 2)));
-void	log_warnx(const char *, ...)
-	    __attribute__((__format__ (printf, 1, 2)));
-void	log_info(const char *, ...)
-	    __attribute__((__format__ (printf, 1, 2)));
-void	log_debug(const char *, ...)
-	    __attribute__((__format__ (printf, 1, 2)));
-void	logit(int, const char *, ...)
-	    __attribute__((__format__ (printf, 2, 3)));
-void	vlog(int, const char *, va_list)
-	    __attribute__((__format__ (printf, 2, 0)));
-__dead void fatal(const char *, ...)
-	    __attribute__((__format__ (printf, 1, 2)));
-__dead void fatalx(const char *, ...)
-	    __attribute__((__format__ (printf, 1, 2)));